Johnny Tremain :: essays research papers

insurgent Tremain a young boy grown up as an apprentice during the 1700s in Boston was an unfortunate but lucky kid. In the next several paragraphs, I will describe interesting parts in the book and overly described the Authors factorial & emotional feeling and not to mention my feelings toward the book.One of my favorite parts of the book was when Lyte came in and wanted a silver pick made by Mr. Lampham in which he had made one before, years ago, Mr. Lamphem wasnt quite sure if he he still had it, so he was thinking of not doing it, but Johnny was so brave and sure only as an apprentice, he offered to do it. To me that really showed how enthustatic and dedicated Johnny was to the silversmith, when he did ask to do it, Mr. Lampham doubted very seriously that Johnny could do such a thing, but he still trys and works on it very expectant and time consuming.Another good part of the story is when Johnny is basically crippled with one of his hands, and is basically worth nothing, wh en at one time Johnny was wanted by a lot of masters because he was very talented with his hands. It really makes you think if you were to lose a talent how you would feel close to it and act upon it, it made me feel thankful.Another interesting part of the book was when Johnny went to look for a job. Johnny was so persistent when trying to go back another apprentice job. He didnt really care about what kind of job it was he just wanted a job, he went from hindquarters to place trying as hard as he could to hid his crippled hand. When Johnny started his job with the Sons of Liberty as a news paper bridle-path boy it came to be a very interesting section of the book. It was interesting because, he was giving a code to all of the Sons of Liberty members saying You owe the Boston herald 6 schilling, meaning that night there would be a meeting at 600 PM that night. He was change state part of the Sons of Liberty and it was starting to get really good, especially when he started tr ying to find out when the British attacking , posting at, and grouping at. It was similarly good when John Adams has him blow a whistle to send the Sons of Liberty to

Creatine Monohydrate Essay -- Supplements Chemistry Creatine Essays

creatine MonohydrateCreatine monohydrate is a body building supplement. Many athletes and trainers use it to arouse athletic performance. College athletics are an advocate for creatine when it comes to exercising and strength conditioning, But what is creatine? Creatine is a naturally occurring metabolite found in deprivation muscle tissue. It is a powerful ergogenic aid that plays an important role in energizing muscle. Creatine increases the bodys ability to do work. It is high powered and generates the muscles ultimate zilch source - adenosine triphosphate (adenosine triphosphate)- ATP produces the contractions of a muscles proteins. When muscles are performing work ATP is being broken down into ADP (adenosine diphosphate) and energy is given off. The ATP being used usually lasts 10 - 15 seconds. After that the muscle depends on creatine phosphate to restock the ATP. Creatine acts as a retain for the ATP. Therefore increased amounts of creatine will allow the body t o supply ATP at a faster rate. Which, in turn allows an individual to example longer and maintain a high level of strength. With creatine as a supple)-nent the body is exposed 4 grams of creatine per kilogram. Red meats give 1 gram of creatine per large serving. These increased amounts of creatine slow the possibility of fatigue. Creatine promotes the synthesis of protein, which promotes muscle growth. The loading phase consists of 5 grams 4 - 6 times a day for the first 5 to 7 days. f his should be accompanied by at least I hour of exercise. The load should wherefore be reduced after a week to no more than IO grams per day. This is what most of the stores that trade the creatine will tell vou because there aim is to sell the product. Since the product has been... ...ur best bet because it has been proved that loading is not necessary. While creatine is being taken it is necessary that the individual remains hydrated during the previous(predicate) cycles extra water is taken into the cells when creatine enters and this causes minor water retention- This water retention has been related to cramps and heat intolerance. The majority of the advocates for creatine didnt report any view effects. In most instances when the question was raised, the articles said, Yes, its safe. No negative side effects noted in research with recommended levels of supplement. All of these people were involved with sales and publicizing of the product also. An article on a review of creatine was the most effective in providing insight on creatine because it didnt have anything to do with promotions of it. Creatine is safe, it is pure and it works

Larry Bird :: essays research papers

This syllabus go out be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and isdesigned to attract students to conglomerate palm of clinical research.Students also gain invaluable obtain assessing validity of currentclinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and data analytic thinking aSTUDENT RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMThis program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and isdesigned to attract students to various fields of clinical research.Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of currentclinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and dataanalysis argon emphasized.Target audience First and second-twelvemonth checkup students will be eligiblefor summer fellowships. Some undergraduate pre medical students as well asgraduate students will be eligible (depending on availability of funding andmentors). Additionally, one to four positions are reserved for first orsecond year law students and one to three for advanc ed pointedness nursingstudents.Program components Student applicants will complete a research fellowshipapplication form. unique(predicate) sponsors or preceptors will be identified for measure up students as funding becomes available. Attempts will be made toplace a research student in an area of personal interest. Review criteriafor selection admit strong student pedantic records, personal achievementand integrity, research skills and experience, and recommendations fromscholastic advisors. Sponsors/preceptors will be boost to participatein the recruitment of students and will bring home the bacon students with guidance andworkspace during the summer. Students are anticipate to consider the programas their full-time summer employment. Structured academic training programsand clinical observation beyond the particularized project (provided by thementor(s)) will also be encouraged.Stipend Each student will contact a stipend of $766.66 per three-weekperiod for a upper limit award of $2300 over a nine-week program.Progress milestones Each student will be requested to string up a series of dinner meetings at three-week intervals. The propose of these programs isto provide research fellows with additional information on abstractpreparation, poster preparation, manuscript preparation, and data analysis.The dinner meetings serve as a forum to open preliminary data and tobecome acquainted with other students and mentors. Each student will beexpected to deliver a brief verbal plow at each meeting.At the culmination of the summer program, a student must prepare a meetingabstract, research poster, and research manuscript evaluated by his/herpreceptor in order to receive final stipend payment. If performanceevaluation at the conclusion of the program is desired, a written evaluationby each preceptor can be prepared. These evaluation summaries can beforwarded (if a student requests them) to their various(prenominal) campus academicadvisors.Midwest Alliance for Health procreationandIndiana University School of Medicine-Fort Wayne Center for Medical EducationLarry Bird essays research papers This program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and isdesigned to attract students to various fields of clinical research.Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of currentclinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and dataanalysis aSTUDENT RESEARCH FELLOWSHIP PROGRAMThis program will be in its 15th annual cycle during Summer 2002 and isdesigned to attract students to various fields of clinical research.Students also gain valuable experience assessing validity of currentclinical practice standards in a discipline. Research methods and dataanalysis are emphasized.Target audience First and second-year medical students will be eligiblefor summer fellowships. Some undergraduate pre medical students as well asgraduate students will be eligible (depending on availability of funding andmentors). Addi tionally, one to four positions are reserved for first orsecond year law students and one to three for advanced degree nursingstudents.Program components Student applicants will complete a research fellowshipapplication form. Specific sponsors or preceptors will be identified forqualified students as funding becomes available. Attempts will be made toplace a research student in an area of personal interest. Review criteriafor selection include strong student academic records, personal achievementand integrity, research skills and experience, and recommendations fromscholastic advisors. Sponsors/preceptors will be encouraged to participatein the recruitment of students and will provide students with guidance andworkspace during the summer. Students are expected to consider the programas their full-time summer employment. Structured academic training programsand clinical observation beyond the specific project (provided by thementor(s)) will also be encouraged.Stipend Each student wil l receive a stipend of $766.66 per three-weekperiod for a maximum award of $2300 over a nine-week program.Progress milestones Each student will be requested to attend a series ofdinner meetings at three-week intervals. The purpose of these programs isto provide research fellows with additional information on abstractpreparation, poster preparation, manuscript preparation, and data analysis.The dinner meetings serve as a forum to present preliminary data and tobecome acquainted with other students and mentors. Each student will beexpected to deliver a brief verbal report at each meeting.At the conclusion of the summer program, a student must prepare a meetingabstract, research poster, and research manuscript evaluated by his/herpreceptor in order to receive final stipend payment. If performanceevaluation at the conclusion of the program is desired, a written evaluationby each preceptor can be prepared. These evaluation summaries can beforwarded (if a student requests them) to their r espective campus academicadvisors.Midwest Alliance for Health EducationandIndiana University School of Medicine-Fort Wayne Center for Medical Education

Princess Diana :: essays papers

Princess DianaThroughout her life all eyes were always on Princess Diana. Millionscame to identify with her and, when she died, they felt as though theyhave lost a scoop out friend. More than a year after the sudden end of herprivileged but imperfect life, Princess Dianas charity work stillmotivates many others to donate their make time in hopes to help thelives of others. Through the vigorous fund raising and campaigning,Princess Diana has greatly effected the lives of the patients she hasreached out to.The honorable Diana Frances Spencer weighed in at seven pounds, xii ounces when she was born on July 1, 1961. Her fatherannounced at the time of her birth, she was nothing less than aperfect physical specimen. She was the third surviving child of herparents. In 1967 her parents, Johnnie and Frances separated, then in1969 their divorce became final. Johnnie Spencer won custody of theirfour children(Brennan19).On February 24, 1981, Princess Dianas life changed forever.Her enga gement to Prince Charles, the heir to the Britishthrone, was announced. They were married in Saint Pauls duomo onJuly 29, 1981. The ceremony was internationally televised. People allover the world tuned into the beautiful day when Princess Diana wasmarried into one of the most powerful families in the world(Encarta).The preteen Princess of Wales unofficially came of age when shewas twenty- six years old, married for nearly six years, andthe give of two young sons. That moment was a turning point in herlife because she decided to become involved with AIDS, a subjectshunned by the great and the good of British society. Overnight,Princess Diana changed from a young mum who liked to fund or listen topop songs on her Walkman, to a mature young woman who had created arole for herself(Davies260).The metamorphosis came the day in April 1987 when Diana openedBritains inaugural purpose-built ward for AIDS sufferers, at LondonsMiddlesex Hospital. Many were shocked at the fact that sh e didnt wearany protective clothing(Davies260). At that time the average britt knew very little about AIDS. Some believed it could be caught and passed on by touch, kissing, or evenhugging someone who was infected. The revelation that a royal, likePrincess Diana, the mother of two young sons, one the heir to thethrone, had taken such an enormous risk with a deadly disease shockedmany pile(Brennan88).Many people wondered, and still to this day wonder if it was

Majority Rule and Minority Rights Essay -- protecting minorities

Majority rule can a lot lead to tyranny because of the inquisition of the majorities interests however, with the Supreme Court and its interpretation of the Constitution, minority groups are practically able to rule over the unjust legal age. Majority rule is essential in a democracy and having limits does not contradict the absolute majoritys source. The principles of majority rule can be upheld while the rights of minorities are protected as long as justice is maintained through the checks on majority factions and warrant court rulings.Though the government wants majority rule to be upheld, majority factions are often proved dangerous collectable to the fact that they may case the rights of minorities. In Federalist No. 10, Madison states, When a majority is included in a faction, the mark of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling rage or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens to explain how the existence of gravid factions can be detrimental to the public good (72). In Chapter 1 of On Liberty, lurk states, .the tyranny of the majority is now generally included among the evils against which ordering requires to be on its guard to signify how the principle of majority rule can lead to the tyranny of the majority, also known as when the power of the majority oppresses a minority group (96). Both Mill and Madison introduce how the concept of a majority rule can harm the interests of the multitude outside the majority. A more concise lesson is given in Martin Luther male monarchs letter from Birmingham Jail in his letter, King describes the atrocities the African Americans face on a daily basis due to the majority opinion that African Americans are not of equal standing as the whites. K... .... San Diego University Readers, 2011. 75-78. Print.King Jr., Martin Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. 1963. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and arse Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 13-20. Print.Madison, James. The Federalist No. 10. 1787. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 71-74. Print.Mill, John Stuart. Chapter 1 Introductory from On Liberty. 1859. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 95-100. Print.Plessy v. Ferguson. 163 U.S. 537 U.S. Supreme Court. 1896. Rpt. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 175-185. Print. Majority Rule and Minority Rights Essay -- protecting minoritiesMajority rule can often lead to tyranny because of the pursuit of the majorities interests however, with the Supreme Court and its interpretation of the Constitution, minority groups are often able to rule over the unjust majority. Majority rule is essenti al in a democracy and having limits does not contradict the majoritys power. The principles of majority rule can be upheld while the rights of minorities are protected as long as justice is maintained through the checks on majority factions and justified court rulings.Though the government wants majority rule to be upheld, majority factions are often proved dangerous due to the fact that they may strip the rights of minorities. In Federalist No. 10, Madison states, When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens to explain how the existence of large factions can be detrimental to the public good (72). In Chapter 1 of On Liberty, Mill states, .the tyranny of the majority is now generally included among the evils against which society requires to be on its guard to signify how the principle of majority rule can lead to the tyranny of the majority, also known as when the power of the majority oppresses a minority group (96). Both Mill and Madison introduce how the concept of a majority rule can harm the interests of the people outside the majority. A more concise example is given in Martin Luther Kings letter from Birmingham Jail in his letter, King describes the atrocities the African Americans face on a daily basis due to the majority opinion that African Americans are not of equal standing as the whites. K... .... San Diego University Readers, 2011. 75-78. Print.King Jr., Martin Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. 1963. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 13-20. Print.Madison, James. The Federalist No. 10. 1787. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 71-74. Print.Mill, John Stuart. Chapter 1 Introductory from On Liberty. 185 9. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 95-100. Print.Plessy v. Ferguson. 163 U.S. 537 U.S. Supreme Court. 1896. Rpt. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 175-185. Print.

Majority Rule and Minority Rights Essay -- protecting minorities

Majority design can a great deal lead to tyranny because of the pursuit of the majorities interests however, with the Supreme Court and its meter reading of the Constitution, nonage groups are often able to regulate over the unjust majority. Majority rule is essential in a democracy and having limits does not infringe the majoritys power. The principles of majority rule can be upheld while the rights of minorities are saved as long as justice is maintained finished the checks on majority factions and justified court rulings.Though the government wants majority rule to be upheld, majority factions are often proved dangerous ascribable to the fact that they may strip the rights of minorities. In Federalist No. 10, Madison states, When a majority is include in a faction, the form of popular government, on the former(a) hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of early(a) citizens to explain how the existence of large fac tions can be insalubrious to the public good (72). In Chapter 1 of On Liberty, Mill states, .the tyranny of the majority is at a time generally included among the evils against which society requires to be on its oppose to signify how the principle of majority rule can lead to the tyranny of the majority, in like manner known as when the power of the majority oppresses a minority group (96). Both Mill and Madison introduce how the concept of a majority rule can harm the interests of the people outside the majority. A more concise example is given in Martin Luther Kings letter from Birmingham chink in his letter, King describes the atrocities the African Americans face on a daily basis due to the majority opinion that African Americans are not of embody standing as the whites. K... .... San Diego University Readers, 2011. 75-78. Print.King Jr., Martin Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. 1963. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and derr iere Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 13-20. Print.Madison, James. The Federalist No. 10. 1787. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 71-74. Print.Mill, John Stuart. Chapter 1 Introductory from On Liberty. 1859. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 95-100. Print.Plessy v. Ferguson. 163 U.S. 537 U.S. Supreme Court. 1896. Rpt. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 175-185. Print. Majority Rule and Minority Rights Essay -- protecting minoritiesMajority rule can often lead to tyranny because of the pursuit of the majorities interests however, with the Supreme Court and its interpretation of the Constitution, minority groups are often able to rule over the unjust majority. Majority rule is ess ential in a democracy and having limits does not contradict the majoritys power. The principles of majority rule can be upheld while the rights of minorities are protected as long as justice is maintained through the checks on majority factions and justified court rulings.Though the government wants majority rule to be upheld, majority factions are often proved dangerous due to the fact that they may strip the rights of minorities. In Federalist No. 10, Madison states, When a majority is included in a faction, the form of popular government, on the other hand, enables it to sacrifice to its ruling passion or interest both the public good and the rights of other citizens to explain how the existence of large factions can be detrimental to the public good (72). In Chapter 1 of On Liberty, Mill states, .the tyranny of the majority is now generally included among the evils against which society requires to be on its guard to signify how the principle of majority rule can lead to the tyr anny of the majority, also known as when the power of the majority oppresses a minority group (96). Both Mill and Madison introduce how the concept of a majority rule can harm the interests of the people outside the majority. A more concise example is given in Martin Luther Kings letter from Birmingham Jail in his letter, King describes the atrocities the African Americans face on a daily basis due to the majority opinion that African Americans are not of equal standing as the whites. K... .... San Diego University Readers, 2011. 75-78. Print.King Jr., Martin Luther. Letter from a Birmingham Jail. 1963. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 13-20. Print.Madison, James. The Federalist No. 10. 1787. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 71-74. Print.Mill, John Stuart. Chapter 1 Introductory from On Liberty. 1859. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 95-100. Print.Plessy v. Ferguson. 163 U.S. 537 U.S. Supreme Court. 1896. Rpt. In Dimensions of Culture 2 Justice. Ed. Valerie Hartouni, Robert Horwitz and John Skrentny. San Diego University Readers, 2011. 175-185. Print.

Liberal Nature of Indian State Essay

The ground is being perceived as an organised structural and institutional whole epitomizing the cause relations of society. The put in in a ontogeny society arise from historical factors and interacts with society through its decisive role in the economic process of the nation.To study the nature of any fractionicular state, it is needful to analyse to relation between state, power, and social classes and the purpose of the state. The liberal democratic form stands on the foundation of democracy.The liberal critique of the Indian state bottom be read in the writings of Rajni Kothari, Atul Kohli, The Rudolphs, Gunnar Myrdal.The state is associated with modernity. The idea of nation is also linked with the state and is encompassed within it.The liberal movement did not expatiate in India, as in Europe, in response to the challenge of aggression of king but after a long anti-colonial struggle against the British Raj which culminated in the Partition of India and its Independenc e in 1947. The Constitution which was drawn up shortly after was essentially liberal in character. It was a product of the Western strike through British rule and contributed to Indias constitutional and political development. The constitution decl ared it as a s everywhereeign socialist republic democratic country. Thus, Indian state is characterized as a liberal democratic model which provides for separation of powers and fundamental rights to the people. Moreover India is a representative form of government, where elections are held on the al-Qaida of universal adult franchise.Ram Mohan Roy, with whom the history of Indian liberalism begins, showed great concern for social reform and the upliftment of women, education as a means of social transformation, license of press and no censorship, all of which were inherited by the great liberals of India.Jawaharlal Nehru, the chief architect of the modern Indian State,considered the state to be the trustee and guardian of the Indian people by looking after democratic aspirations and providing economic welfare. The influence of Nehru in the Indian state can be seen in the economic front, as it adopted the socialist path of development with a focus on planning for economic development.Indias liberalism in the modern period may take up be described as a re-articulation, a re-articulation that was undoubtedly cal lead forth by the new knowledge, enlightenment, political institutions and social patterns which Britain brought with her.The liberal view of the state is typically strong. Institutional strength is key in this and state and society die hards separate. The state has to remain relatively autonomous from society. Legitimacy is also an important part of the liberal state, and this term started to be used in India especially during the 1975 emergency.India has been characterised as a low-keyed and weak state by Gunnar Myrdal. The problem of a soft state is the crisis of legitimacy.Liberal critics have chara cterised India as a liberal state with strong institutions of the Parliament, independent judiciary, executive, along with fundamental rights and directive principles of state policy.Rajni Kothari argued that the Indian state sought to legitimise itself as an order-maintaining institution. The Nehruvian model succeeded during Nehrus time, but gradually the mountain awakened and pressure for redistributive politics grew. Moreover the state was becoming much centralised and lost its mediating structures of the party system.Ashis Nandy, an Indian political psychologist, envisaged the state as a protector of the interests of the Indian people from outsiders. Although, he noted that the state itself subjected the masses to oppression through institutional structures. He argued that it was preferable as the oppression worked from within and not arbitrarily.Atul Kohli explains the Indian state through its paradoxical apparatus of state government arising from growth of centralisation and powerlessness at the centre. Centralisation erodes the legitimacy of the state and its developmental power.Gunnar Myrdal criticized the inability of the state to enforce public policies to press out exiguity or to enforce laws and dubbed the institutional model of the Indian state as soft state. According to Myrdal, the Indian state was soft as it had no power to rectify institutions that stood in the way of reform and development. As a result, it could not tackle the institution of caste directly, take measures of effective land reform, eradicate corruption or enforce ideas of development effectively through the people.One consequence of this softness has been the growth of left-wing extremism, which Manmohan Singh called the gravest internal threat to the countrys security. Myrdals hard state would have been able to tackle Naxalism which has gravely affected the nation.The liberal approach focuses on institutions and processes to understand state and political power in India. Th e state is considered the central instrument of social progress and principal agent of transformation.According to the Rudolphs, there are two groups characterised in the Indian state, mavin being the owners of production and the other being the labourer group. They analysed the state as a mediator between these two conflicting groups, and in doing so, must remain autonomous in order to maintain structural unity of the state. The role of the state would hence be the third actor. The Rudolphs believe in the force of India to become a strong state, unlike the weak state that Myrdal argued.The Rudolphs liberal perspective was directed at constitutional strength and legitimacy, citizen as an abstract category, and institutional strength in the form of bureaucracy which defined the identity of liberalism in theIndian state.The bureaucracy played an important role in policy fashioning and reflects good governance. The expertise of the members would provide efficient decision making. Li beral institutionalists believe in strengthening institutions to achive a strong state through legitimacy. This extra impropriety of legitimacy derived from law and ability to rule gets rid of the crisis of legitimacy which is a problem of the Soft State as Myrdal puts it.Before the emergence period of 1975, India had a paradoxical apparatus of state government. The excess power in the centre do the peripheries unstable, causing the core and periphery to constantly break in tussle. This led to a loss of faith from the peoples side, and re-institutionalising of the state during Indira Gandhis time.The bureaucracy also faces criticisms on account of maintaining neutrality arises if every rule is made by experts. And if the state becomes too reliant on expertise, it becomes idealist in nature.The Rudolphs Command Polity talks about the state becoming the intent power. The Rudolphs pointed out that India is a state that works and derives its legitimacy from demand.This polity in Indi a gave way to crisis. State is not an entity which has always remained stab le. Reflection of individual liberties are a part of democratic liberalism. Demands from the lower class have to be included to maintain stability.The Marxist view sees the Indian state as a bourgeois state where the benefits are only with the big industrialists and rich farmers. Though this nature does not completely dominates the state it exercises a powerful influence over the Indian state.India has a highly plural society marked by various ethnic groups of different language and different religion. After independence India has experient difficulty to maintain its unity. But growth of violence, regionalism, poverty, slow development of economy has questioned the workingof Indian state and its nature.The impact of social rule is visible in India. Recently, faith in democratic, institution, redistributions, justice and secularism seems to be eroded in Indian state. However, the state continues to solve co nflicting interest and development problem.Threats to individual freedom demand it necessary for individuals to organise for civil liberties and constantly explore new realms for free expression. To create stability, the Indian state has to be strong.Thus todays India stands as a political and economic paradox of a rich poor nation with a weak strong state.BIBLIOGRAPHYIndian Government and Politics- Sunder RamanIndian Political System M.P Singh & RoyThe Centrist Future of Indian Politics Susanne Rudolph and Lloyd Rudolph

How is the theme of loneliness explored in Of Mice and Men? Essay

The theme of b arness is one of the key themes throughout the reserve. The record book starts off with a in truth natural feel, On one side of the river the golden foothill slopes curve up to the strong and rocky Gabilan mountains. This theme soon changes into the theme of intimacy as we begin to know George and Lennie we foot see they are good friends because I got you to look after me, and you got me to look after you. However Steinbeck gradu entirelyy changes the theme of companionship to the opposite theme of loneliness Guys like us, that work on counterpanees, are the loneliest guys in the world. They got no family. They dont belong to no place.As we visualize more and more of the main characters we begin to see near how alone(p) they are We later bear upon Curley and his wife. Curley is the only person on the cattle ranch to flip a partner, and even then its not a trusting, full relationship If you cant look after you own God maledict wife, what do you expect me to do about it Slim tells Curley. Curleys wife says to Lennie I dont like Curley. He aint a prudish fella.. This is Steinbeck underlining how even the characters who are married are lonely and regretful. If this is the case then what about the eternal rest of the workers who have no wife at all? George mentions his desire for a partner in the first chapter I could live easy and maybe get a girl.Most of the ranch workers go to a Cat house when they get their stake, and blow it all there, showing just how much they want to be around women they receive a piteous amount of money every month and instead of saving it to get themselves out of their hole, they spend it in one night at the Cat house. This shows that the loneliness has driven them to the borderline of insanity, A guys goes nuts if he aint got no clay Crooks observes whilst the others are at the Cat house.I have talked about how lonely the ranch workers in general are, but Steinbeck focuses in particular on three characters C andy, Crooks and Curleys wife he may do this to try to present across a message to the reader, speaking out against Ageism, Racism and Sexism respectively. I will talk about Candy firstCandy is the oldest employee at the ranch and he knows it. His best friend was his dog, which has now been killed by Carlson. In the scene in which Carlson is persuading Candy to let him shoot the dog, Carlson gives a logical argument he jus suffers hisself all the time, Candy however just says that hes had im so long had him from a pup. This is Candy trying to hold onto his companion, who hes become attached to and doesnt want him dead. Carlson however, persists and the dog is killed. Candy now has no real companions on the ranch and is worried about his proximo Theyll can me purty soon., he explains to George and Lennie how he has no place to go, and cant get no more jobs.In Chapter 3 Candys glimpses expect as he offers to put in some money to help George and Lennie buy their dream house spose I went in with you guys?. As he does so he again underlines his loneliness I aint got no relatives nor nothing. With his dog dead Candy is desperately hold for some sort of companionship and for a while it looks as if their dream may be realised. Unfortunately though, Lennie kills Curleys wife and their dream is shattered.Crooks is the only non-white man on the ranch, the book was written in 1937 where racism and pitch-black/white segregation was still commonplace. Crooks is deliberately written as being black as a method for Steinbeck to speak out against the evils of racism Crooks is clearly very lonely, even by ranch workers standards. Because he is black he must(prenominal) sleep in his own little shed and isnt allowed in the bunkhouse with all the other workers I aint wanted in the bunkhouse. In Chapter 4, the reason for this ostracising is made clear cause Im black, they play cards in there, but I cant play because Im black. The other ranch workers may think that they hav e no close friends, but Crooks isnt even allowed to be around them (except while working(a) or playing horseshoes), which is something the rest of the characters take for granted- he explains to Lennie You got George. You know hes coming back.Spose you couldnt go into the bunkhouse? Suppose you had to put up out here and read books. Howd you like that? Books aint no good. A guy needs somebody to be near him. fagt make no difference who the guy is, longs hes with you. You know hes coming back. This is Crooks most wound up outburst and is used effectively to really show through the loneliness that he in particular is feeling the other workers have other guys just to be near them, which many of them take for granted. Steinbeck uses Crooks for other plot devices as well such as giving a small insight into how the book finishes. Nobody never gets to Heaven and nobody gets no land.Curleys wife. Curleys wife is given no name. Curleys wife is continually referred to throughout the boo k as Curleys wife. This is completely intentional and is used to show womens insignificance at the time. Like Candy is the only old person on the ranch and Crooks is the only black person on the ranch, Curleys wife is the only woman on the ranch. As the only woman on the ranch she has no girly friends to talk to and is thus very lonely. Her only real contact is Curley, who she doesnt even like, describing him as he aint a nice fella. Curley doesnt help the situation by continually keeping her under check and stopping her from talking to the other ranch workers I cant talk to nobody but Curley.Else he gets mad The ranch workers are scared of Curley so they dont like to talk to his wife, George describes her as jailbait. When she tries to talk to Crooks, Lennie and Candy, Crooks tells her Maybe you better go along to your house now, we dont want no trouble. Curleys wife often uses Im looking for Curley as an excuse to talk to the other guys at the ranch. When Steinbeck first introduce s Curleys wife she is portrayed through the ranch workers eyes Bet shed clear out for twenty bucks. Not until the ending of the book do we see why she acts so flirtatiously she just wants someone to talk to and she uses her body as a way of getting a guys attention. I never get to talk to nobody, I get awful lonely, howd you like not to talk to anybody? She tells Lennie.It is interesting how, in chapter 4, when all the other ranch workers are at the Cat house, that Crooks, Curleys wife, Lennie and Candy all meet in Crooks house. Lennie is the only one who has a real companion (George) yet he doesnt appreciate it until he sees how lonely the others are and empathises with them You got George Having them meet is Steinbecks way of showing the reader how lonely they are the people who would normally have ostracised them arent in the ranch at the time, and so Crooks, Candy and Curleys wife, the three most lonely people, all feeling left out and lonely meet and talk to each other.Though it would look that they would enjoy talking to one another, they are all so used to being wrapped up on their own, that, particularly Crooks and Curleys wife, are not at all friendly to each other Curleys wife tells Crooks how she could get him strung up on a tree so debased it aint even funny. This is a reference to the lynchings of black men, which were common at the time. This, again, is Steinbeck speaking out against racism and implying that many blacks were framed for their crimes.In conclusion all of the ranch workers are lonely all except Curley have no wife, few have close friends or companions and they live very lonely existences. There are a few however, namely Candy, Crooks, and Curleys wife who are especially lonely because they have been cut off from the rest of the characters Steinbeck uses his book to speak out against sexism, racism and ageism.

Heineken in Cambodia

Heineken Overview of controversial telephone line practices in 2008 Sanne van der Wal & overload Bleijerveld April 2009 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Sanne van der Wal & Rob Bleijerveld Amsterdam, April 2009 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Colophon Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 April 2009 By Sanne van der Wal & Rob Bleijerveld Cover Design Annelies Vlasblom Funding This publication is made practicable with co-funding from the Vereniging van Beleggers voor Duurzame Ontwikkeling (VBDO) Published byStichting Onderzoek internationale Ondernemingen Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations Sarphatistraat 30 1018 GL Amsterdam The Netherlands Phone + 31 (20) 6391291 E-mail emailprotected nl Website Hwww. somo. nl This document is licensed under the originative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivateWorks 2. 5 License. 1 Introduction This company report has been prep ared by SOMO ( Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations). It provides an overview of business practices that could be regarded as unsustainable or irresponsible which occurred (or might extradite been addressed) in 2008.The overview below describes only controversial practices and not the positive achievements of a company in the same course of instruction. Information on positive achievements can usually be found in a companys annual and/or sustainability report and on the companys website. The purpose of this report is to provide additional information to shareholders and other stakeholders of a company on controversies that might or might not be observe and inform by the company itself.This report does not contain an analytic thinking of a companys corporate responsibility policies, operational aspects of corporate responsibility management, implementation systems, reporting and transparency, or total performance on any issue. For some controversies, it is indicated which standar ds or policies may take aim been violated and a brief analysis is presented. Apart from this, the report is mainly descriptive.The range of sustainability and corporate responsibility issues eligible for inclusion in this overview is relatively broad and mainly based on the OECD Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises. These Guidelines are used as a general frame of reference in addition to the company-specific standards. Sources of information are mentioned in footnotes by dint ofout the report. The main sources were obtained through SOMOs global network of civil society organisations, including reports, other documents, and unpublished information.Media and company information infobases and information available via the Internet are used as secondary sources where necessary. Heineken has been informed nigh the research project in advance and was given two weeks to review the report and provide corrections of any genuine errors in the draft version. The overview of controvers ial practices in this report is not intended to be exhaustive. Instead, it focuses on a limited number of issues and cases that might merit just attention or reflection.Where information about the latest developments, every positive or negative, was unavailable, it is possible that situations described in the overview have recently changed. Taking into circular these limitations, SOMO believes that the report can be used for improvement and for a more informed assessment of a companys corporate responsibility performance. For more information, please contact SOMO SOMO (Centre for Research on Multinational Corporations) Sarphatistraat 30, 1018 GL Amsterdam, The Netherlands Tel. 31 (0)20 6391291 Fax +31 (0)20 6391391 e-mail emailprotected nl website www. somo. nl 2 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Precarious workings conditions of Heineken Beer sellers in Cambodia This short overview deals with only one issue the continuing bad labour and health condi tions of socalled beer sellers in Cambodia, salaried women who wear distinctive Heineken uniforms while only if selling Heineken beer in bars and restaurants, alongside those working for its partly owned partner brands (e. . , Tiger, ABC, etc), and for competitors.The work conditions of these women, who are hired by most of the international brewers and their distributors operating(a) in Cambodia 1 , have been criticised for several years, by the Cambodian NGO (Non-Governmental Organisation ) Siem Reap Citizens for Health, Educational and Social Issues (SiRCHESI) 2 . In 2002 the CEO and the Boards of some(prenominal) Heineken Breweries Ltd and Heineken Holding N. V. from here Heineken) were first notified by SiRCHESI of concerns about the health and welfare of their beer sellers, who continued, in 2008, to be at high risk for human immunodeficiency virus/AIDS and alcohol- colligate health problems, who experience sexual harassment and violence at their workplaces, and who are not paid a donjon wage- a salary for a regular job on which they can support themselves and their family dependents. Press reports going back to 1998, and particularly a story in the Wall Street Journal (2000) had already clearly described the problems before social scientists began systematic data collection. Also SOMOs overview of controversial business practices of Heineken during 2006 for VBDO of April 2007 has called attention to this critical issue. 4 Recent inquiries and research in Cambodia as part of a longitudinal study (2004-2009) 5 reconfirm that these bad labour and health conditions facilitate exist. Heineken and other brands, with whom they both compete and co-operate have not made significant progress in 2007, nor in 2008 to reduce the high risks to the health and gumshoe of the women beer-sellers in Cambodia nor meet their monthly financial needs.So far, perseverance efforts to resolve these issues through the formation in late 2006 of Beer Selling Industry Ca mbodia as a professional brewers association with a code of conduct (COC) for beer sellers have failed. 1 2 3 4 5 See e. g. Heineken en promotiemeisjes in Cambodja deel A, R. Feilzer and F. P. van der Putten (p. 85-96) and F. P. van der Putten, deel B (p. 109-13), in Bedrijfsgevallen, Eds. W Dubbink and H. van Luijk (Assen forefront Gorcum, 2006). SiRCHESI website, . and ,, and . SiRCHESIs website http//www. fairtradebeer. com press reports section. Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2006, Francis Weyzig (SOMO), April 2007 Performed by Staff, volunteers ,researchers and students located in Siem Reap with SiRCHESI, or at Siem Reap Provincial AIDS Office, of University of Guelph (CA), matter means in HIV Social Research (University of New South Wales, AU), Macquarie University (Sydney, AU), University of Melbourne (AU), Australia Volunteers International, Duke University (North Carolina, US), Oxford University (Oxford, UK), University of Technology Sydney (AU), as welll as University of Maastricht, NL, National University of Singapore, and Staffordshire University (UK).Data and analyses were provided through Ian Lubek, international advisor to SiRCHESI. The SIRCHESI interviews with beer sellers were conducted either in the workplaces or during health workshops. 213 interviews were conducted from 2004-6, and 324 from 2007-9. 22 beer sellers worked for Heineken and partner brands, 57 worked for Carlsberg brands such as Angkor 56 change AB-INBEV brands, 1 sold a SAB-Miller brand, and the remaining 201 sold other brands including Dutch brands Bavaria, Hollandia, as well as Corona, San Miguel, Singha, Oettinger, Asahi, etc. 3 Below, some controversial aspects of the situation in 2008, revealed by SiRCHESI, are described. More primer data can be found on the SiRCHESI website dedicated to this issue www. ethicalbeer. com. On the same website more new details on the longitudinal study, including data for 2008-9, are published by SiRCHESI 6 as well. Low income and transparency As in 2006, SiRCHESI research 7 confirms that Heineken is not compensable a living wage in 2008.If Heineken and its Asia Pacific Breweries partner brands (Tiger, ABC, Anchor, Cheers,etc. paid their beer sellers the new industry standard (2008) of just over 8 US dollar per beer case as commission, they would earn based on SiRCHESIs observations of sales of more than 3 cases per night about 700 US dollars per month which amounts to about 10 times the current fixed salary. BSIC brand sellers are consistently paid less each month than non-BSIC brands yet increasingly sell manifold more beer each year 8 . In fact workers get less than 2. 5 percent of the sale, and face severe periodical workplace health and safety risks. Part of this positiveness for Heineken is based on the sellers own nightly consumption of about 6 percent of sales, which adds harm and risk to their working situation.For a number of years, Heineken officials reported paying b onuses to the beer servers, yet SiRCHESI interviews showed that from 2002 onwards these were not being received by the beer sellers. In fact in 2008 they reported receiving monthly earnings of 71 US dollars which is substantially lower than the 84 US dollars reported by non-BSIC sellers and the 85 US dollars Heineken headquarters reports paying 9 . SiRCHESI estimates that 71 US dollar monthly is still less than half of what would be enough to provide for them and their family dependents. This situation of underpayment first reported to Heineken executives in 2002 and unchanged ever since- puts terrible pressures on the women to support their families and to draw and quarter ends meet, compelling some to sell unsafe sex to customers in desperation to supplement insufficient income.In general it is difficult for Heineken beer sellers to know to what benefits and bonuses they are entitled because Heineken is weakness to provide beer sellers copies of their work contracts specifying working conditions, benefits such as severance pay and maternity leave, and exact earnings all, transparently. In 2008, no beer seller could show SiRCHESI a copy of their signed contract. Several Heineken beer sellers said they did have signed contracts but that these contracts had gone to the distributors Head Quarters in Cambodia. In 2008 SiRCHESI asked the distributor and BSIC for copies of these contracts they but were told they were proprietary and could not be disseminated. 6 7 8 9 See for example Ab-Inbev, Carlsberg, Heineken and other international brewers are yet again in 2008-9 behaving naughtily to women beer sellers in Cambodia, SiRECHESI, April 2009, http//www. ethicalbeer. com/read/April2009-INFO.df AND Professor criticizes international beer companies for not being proactive enough in Cambodia (2008-9) to protect their women beer sellers from hazardous, harmful, and potentially mortal workplace health and safety risks Citing recent research, he urges company executiv es, brand consumers and shareholders to implement immediate changes. , SiRCHESI, April 2009, http//www. ethicalbeer. com/read/APRIL2009Press-info. pdf This overview builds on SiRCHESI published (see footnote directly above) and unpublished information provided/communicated directly to SOMO by As Tiger Beer seller Sophea wrote to management at Cambodian Breweries Ltd. asking for a salary increase to 100 US dollars monthly Our claim is short justified. The quantity of our sales increased, and the price of beer increased too. Now it Tiger Beer is sold for 2. 90 US dollars. (Cambodge Soir, 18-25 June, 2008). Biermeisjes bezorgen Heineken hoofdpijn, Financiele Telegraaf (p. 27) 10 mei 2008 4 Heineken Overview of controversial business practices in 2008 Workplace health and safety issues Heinekens HIV/AIDS policy of 2002 has promised coverage to all its workers world-wide 10 . However the company and partner brands are still not providing free HAART (highly active anti-retroviral therap y) for their HIV positive beer sellers as they do for their personnel in Africa.What compounds the situation is that most beer-sellers are before long excluded from Government ARVT (anti-retroviral therapy) programs due to Cambodia and the Global Funds inability to implement access in 2008-9 for all persons living with HIV. Simple factors such as lose of daily transportation to a distribution site mean that many beer-sellers cannot receive ARVT. In Africa Heineken has solved this problem through workplace distribution of HAART. Heineken is in any case not providing enough effective workplace health and safety education about HIV/AIDS, reproductive health and alcohol risks before employment begins. Although Heineken proactively substantial the Selling Beer Safely (SBS) Program in 2003 it has not been offered to every employee moreover, the number of beneficiaries of SBS is declining markedly.Of 224 Heineken family sellers in the SiRCHESI research sample of 2004 to 2009, 31. 2 per cent had received no health dressing at the time of the interview. It should be mentioned that this is better than the industry average of 43. 3 percent that received no health and safety training about being a beer seller. In 2004, 22 percent of Heineken or Tiger beer sellers had received SBS training. However in 2008 this share had declined to 4. 7 percent. However, when SiRCHESI asked whether they had received either the SBS or any other in-house training program 11 , BSIC beer sellers did modestly better 27. 8 percent reported in-house training, while only 8. 3 percent non-BSIC sellers reported in-house training.But the most serious criticism is the procrastination in supplying this education. Of 224 Heineken family beer sellers interviewed, 16 (7. 1 percent) received training before they started, and a further 6 (2. 7 percent) received it on the first daylight. 80/224 or 35. 7 percent had received it in the next 6 months, while the remainder had training in the next 18 months or not at all (122 or 54. 5 percent). Hence only 9. 8 percent had been given some early-warning training before or on the first day of work- about the risks and harm possible for beer-sellers themselves, damage to the fetus during pregnancy, or contraction of HIV/AIDS or a sexually transmitted infection (STI).Although the BSIC COC which Heineken claims to uphold explicitly forbids workplace drinking of alcohol, SiRCHESI found that only 6% of Heineken (7. 6% of BSIC brands) beer sellers were in fact abstaining in 2008. For those who continue to drink, the mean alcohol consumed nightly by BSIC sellers in 2008 was 1. 48 litres nightly or 6 standard drinks (N=103), while 1. 53 litres (7 standard drinks) were consumed nightly by Heineken beer family servers (N=89). All of these levels are well above levels of national guidelines for responsible drinking as set for women by 23 countries surveyed by the International Center For Alcohol Policies (ICAP) 12 including the Netherlands.This me ans that these women have an increased risk for physical (raised blood pressure, stroke, and liver cirrhosis), mental, and social problems associated with alcohol abuse. While (excessive) workplace drinking continues to be a critical issue in Cambodia it has been observed by SiRCHESI to no longer exist in nearby Singapore. 10 11 12 Heinekens HIV/AIDS Policy contribution of a private company, HEINEKEN COR P. COMMUNICATION 02 92857455 NO. 023, by Heineken International, 18 April 2002 (at http//fairtradebeer. com/reportfiles/heinekenaidspolicy2002. pdf) SiRCHESI other in house-training are mostly shorter than the 3 day SBS training some just get 1-2 hours the refresher courses International Center For Alcohol Policies (ICAP) in International Drinking Guidelines Reports 14

The Light Bulb: One of the Most Useful Inventions in the World

People need clear-cut to be able to reassure. In the morning, at that place is sunlight. But in the night, people use electric light make from light bulbs. Without light bulbs, people would not be able to see and would pack to rely on their other senses to do tasks. Without light bulbs, our lives would be precise different. The light bulb is a very useful invention that people each over the world use every day. The creation of the light bulb can be traced back to the 19th century. In 1800, Humphrey Davy made the arc lamp ( dismissal). But the arc lamp was very dangerous because light was made by sparks, increasing the chance of fire (Burnie 52).In 1860, Joseph Swan made an incandescent light bulb. But the light bulb had many disadvantages. The light bulb burned out in an hour and it cost a lot of money (Burnie 52). Also, the string was made of virgin carbon, so when the carbon burnt, it filed the bulb with soot (Lighting). Then in 1879, Thomas Edison made a better incandescen t (a stipulation for heat-driven light emissions) light bulb. Time News reported, Thomas Edison is the creator of the first commerci onlyy viable light bulb. His incandescent light bulb was efficient, affordable, and safe (Fletcher). It took Edison unyielding time to build an incandescent light bulb.First he utilise a platinum filament and used a vacuum pump to reduce the oxygen level in the bulb, so it would be harder for a fire to start (Mintz 83). Later, he coated the filament with magnesium. He tested the bulb. Its electrical resistance was sole(prenominal) 3 ohms, meaning that it doesnt glow brightly. But it did glow for 13 hours and 38 minutes, proving its possible to keep a filament lit for long periods of time. Then he decided to use carbon because it was cheap and had a high melting point (Mintz 86). He used a fat adult male of carbon, but its electrical resistance was only 2 ohms (Mintz 88).Then he made the piece thinner and longer, so the electrical resistance inc reased to 113 ohms (Mintz 89). Mintz said, For example, if the uniform amount of water was put in a straw and a big water pipe, the pressure of the water in the straw would be a lot more (90). Electrical resistance passs the same way. Because he made the filament smaller, its electrical resistance increased, but it burned out in a few seconds. Finally, he made a filament that gave the best results. He used a piece of carbon, boiled in sugar and alcohol, and hence baked in an over.Its electrical resistance was 107 ohms and it lasted 170 hours. Thomas Edison wrote in his diary, My light is perfected (Mintz 90). Thomas Edison created an incandescent light bulb, but now in that respect are many others. One of them is a standard light bulb. It is an incandescent light bulb with 20 advancees of filament made by tungsten (a admixture discovered in 1912) surrounded by gases. It makes yellow-white light, but its efficiency is only 8%, meaning that only 8% of the electricity input is us ed to make light. The other 92% is used as heat or is passed to the other end of the filament.A daylight bulb is an incandescent light bulb, but is made to give the color and feel of daylight. It is made of many colors (Burnie 53). A fluorescent bulb works by passing current through a tube, producing ultraviolet radiation. The radiation hits the phosphorous coating, making light through chemical process. The bulb lasts somewhat 10,000 hours. There is also a compact fluorescent bulb. They work like normal fluorescent bulbs, but are smaller and screw into sockets like incandescent light bulbs. Compact fluorescent bulbs also last about 10,000 hours (Kremer).Another type of bulb is low-pressure sodium lamp. It contains a little sodium, so it takes a few minutes to light up. The light it makes is almost pure yellow. A high-pressure sodium lamp contains sodium and aluminum. It makes pink-blue light. It is very efficient (Burnie 53). Another type of light is LED (light emitting diode). Co mpared to all the other types of light bulbs, LEDs are very unique and different. They have no filament, have a long life span, produce no heat, are very efficient, and one bulb is less than an inch long and about a centimeter wide.Unfortunately, they are very expensive. For under-the-cabinet lighting in a kitchen, one strip of it costs about $100 (Kremer). Overall, thither are many different light bulbs now, and more will be invented in the future. There are many different light bulbs for different uses. to each one light bulb can be used in at least one way or another. For example, daylight bulbs are used wrong of buildings (Burnie 53). So are incandescent bulbs, fluorescent, compact fluorescent, and LED (Kremer). Low-pressure and high-pressure sodium lamps are used outside.More specifically, low-pressure sodium lamps are used in less populated areas, such as driveways. High-pressure sodium lamps are used in more populated ideas, such as streets. light bulbs, compact fluorescen t, and LED bulbs are used in appliances and household objects, such as microwaves, flashlights, and cars (Burnie 53). All these bulbs facilitate us see. Bulbs used inside buildings help us find objects in the night. Street lights make it safer to go bike riding, walk, or drive a car outside when it is dark. Bulbs used in household objects and appliances help us in many ways.For example, the bulb inside a refrigerator enables us to see food. The light in a flashlight helps us see in places where there is no light. All in all, light bulbs have many uses. The invention of the light bulb is very useful and everyone uses it. Without the light bulb, our lives would be very different. We would either have to use candles and risk the chance of fire, or not use candles and not be able to see at all in the night. I think that light bulbs help us every day, day and night, and are less dangerous than fire and candles.

Macro-economic factors Essay

There ar a lot of macro environmental factors that affect Telfin performance though emphasize has been tending(p) on the important factors. frugal factors like current and anticipated economic growth, elicit gait, inflation, cost of labor, disposable income and distri scarcelyion of income etc collectively comprise economic environment.Current and projected economic conditions In recent years Pakistans economic figures were indicating very impressive and promising consequences and infact these all were proven to be wrong. A number of reasons are behind this but the most important are the economic policies which were not integrated with political environment in an apt manner. Secondly, terrorism has stooped down our economy in a very negative manner. Therefore because of these reasons Pakistan current and anticipated economic conditions arent in Telfin favor. Exchange Rate Telfin is directly affected by magnetic declination of exchange rates as investment is being done in USD, a ll suppliers wee to be paid in USD and being subsidiary of Vimplecom, shareowner calculations are in USD while revenue is generated in local currency (PKR). Due to depreciated PKR every year when revenue is calculated in USD it is minimized cod to negative exchange rate effect. Fuel Prices Telfin is the one of the biggest customer of PSO (Pakistan State Oil), due to energy crisis in Pakistan and being the largest on coverage for the services, more than 5000 electric cell sites have to be energized to keep the network running.Taxtation Govt has applied additional 5% tax on the top up so subscribers get 5% less(prenominal) balance on recharge but as an impact it has been seen that subscribers have reduced the usage as recharge revenue has decreased and 5% drop-off is from Telfin revenue. Inflation and interest rate interest rate and inflation both are elevated in Pakistan. In most of countries it is very much earthy that once economic conditions are bad central banks reduces inte rest rate in order to boost investment where as in Pakistan the case is otherwise. The interest rate is high because the government wants to cease central bank new notes issuing rate which is more than 15% currently. Therefore collectively interest rate and inflation are investing a bad picture for Telfin.Unemployment rate and cost of labor Because of higher education bang thereis a talented puss of candidates who are ready to be employed in big companies or organizations. But the fact is that the production of new jobs is not competent with supply puss therefore unemployment rate is high. In addition as supply of potential workers is high, the cost of labor is low in Pakistan which is a positive signal for Telfin. train of disposable money and income distribution It is really evident that if the economic conditions of a particular country are bad, the nation living in, do not have high level income to be spent. Moreover the fact is that national income distribution is very unf air and unequal in Pakistan because elite class dominates on cay government posts. Non-economic macro ExposureTelfin like every other organization is also affected by the political setup to a greater conclusion which are needed to be addressed. Political Factor There is a democratic government now-a-days in Pakistan but due to previous government policies & present government inability to manage issue wisely, it can be concluded clearly that government is not able to stabilize the situation as it was pass judgment which is surely not good for the companies like Telfin. Rule of Law, Corruption and bureaucracy Due to the amendments made in the constitution of Pakistan by ex-dictators and domination of rich people on the vital government posts, there is just a minimal justice and rule of law in Pakistan. Regularity authorities There are regularity bodies in Pakistan like PTA (Pakistan Telecommunication Authority) but it does not have enough grip on issues as it is expected from it d ue to the mandate given to it. Security Due to security situations, telecom industry has suffered a lot as on events there is complete network keep outdown to prevent terrorism. These shut down is a direct loss for complete industry. Moreover due to different measures taken by regularity to address security is to have Biometric examine before issuance of SIM so cost of sale has increased recently and all operators have to install machines to have scanning capability.

City Of Joy: A film analysis Essay

What happens when e reallything youve ever known seems to be a lie? When everything youve worked so hard for in your life seems to come crashing down(p) on you, who do you turn to? You need to find yourself, to re-evaluate your priorities. What better place to do that than in The City Of Joy.The movie The City Of Joy is about a wealthy the Statesn doctor named Max Lowe. After he lost a patient on the operating table, Max spontaneously decides to leave America and travel to India in the hope of finding himself. Not long after he arrives in Calcutta, Max is attacked by a group of thugs and left without currency or a passport.An Indian man named Hasari comes to Maxs rescue. Hasari had left his farming community to come to the city, only to be overwhelmed by its dirt, crime, and overcrowding. Despite their poverty, Hasari and his family organise Max in and bring him to a medical clinic in the City of Joy, one of the poorest slums in the city.Max is brought to the clinic run by Joan Be thel, an Irish-American nun. When Joan discovers that Max is a doctor, she pleads with him to cooperate her in running the clinic. Max declines, claiming he is a non-practicing surgeon. After an unplanned baby delivery for a woman whose baby is jeopardized, Max begins to see things in a new light. He signs on to help at the clinic, and his attitude about Indias citizens and its way of life changes drastically.The relationships in this movie are very moving. Hasari runs his rickshaw through a monsoon to provide for his daughters dowry, while Max defies the local godfather by staying in India to be with his friends and patients. Joan gives freely of herself to the patients in her clinic, twenty-four hour period in and day out. By the end of the movie, the relationships established in this movie are unselfish, giving and stable.I really enjoyed discovering all the meaningful relationships being create throughout the movie. Max and Hasari went through shaky times in order to develop their complete confidence in each other. Joan went from thinking of Max as a selfish boar, to appreciating him and seeing him as a comrade.Through it all, the relationships made seem strong enough that the persons involved would risk life and limb to exert their relationships intact. I think this is where the beauty of the film lies in its intricate relationships between the characters.Throughout the course of the film, the audience is exposed to the poor living conditions in India, the filth, the crime, and the poverty. At first glance, it would seem that India would not be a very suitable place to live, the smiles of the young children playing abou in the street seem to theorise different. This movie shows both sides of India, the good and the bad. Although the living conditions are poor, the spirits of the Indian people are high.Its amazing to see that even in a city so poor, there is still joy to be found. The people of India do not have all the modern conveniences we have in our western society, and yet, they are happier than we are. It really makes us have to stop and appreciate all the things we have, and at the same time, we need to realize that our happiness is not calculated by our material possessions. I think there is room for everyone to visit The City Of Joy.

There is no simple or single entity which we can call aggression

There is no simple or single entity which we can betoken aggressiveness aggression a term simultaneously sh ared & perceived with power in full general views. However, the two terms are diverse in their respective aspects, even though integral to individually other. Violence may be the result of aggression in many cases.Aggression cannot be explained as a simple psychological or emotional state. It is a complex state of mind that might be the result of many things. A number of researches have been conducted in this field to study the human temperament & thus prepare an explanation regarding such human behaviors.The definition of aggression as stated by Buss is, a response that de plumprs noxious stimuli to another organism. Critical brotherly Psychology An Introduction There are unhomogeneous misunderstandings regarding aggression, even in these modern-day times, the exact reason is not known, however tests & researches are constantly passing play on to find the answers as t o how & why aggression is triggered & why it differs mortal to person.The book Critical Social Psychology mentions two types of aggressionAffective aggression, comprising of strong emotional states & often resulting in injuring someone. Instrumental aggression is usually followed by or accelerated in order to attain some desires. Mostly the expression is conjured by the stress & problems an individual counters in his or her life. Often the social issues in our society disrupts an otherwise normal life of a person, being real in the society is considered to be very primary(prenominal) & people tend to do things just to fit in with the others.This example is widely present in adolescents a student gets emotionally & psychologically disturbed if he or she is not being accepted among their school mates, this belief arouses desperation which provokes them to perform activities due to peer pressure. Extreme anxiety may pass on to aggression which might induce an individual to get trigger-happy in order to get openhanded or to take revenge.Young people today watch movies & TV programs that are centered on violence like wrestling. It is common conjecture that media is responsible for the increased percentage of aggression in humans. The comics, cartoons, divers(a) TV shows designed for children are full of violence & may elicit aggression in new-fangled minds.Not only fiction but real life today depicts hostility, deferentially covered by the modern news channels. This perception mentioned in The Media An Introduction similarly confer diverse effects like the tendency of children to pursue what they observe, not having the knowledge to decide between wrong & right. Banduras experiment declared that 88% children imitate the violence they witness on TV.It is also derived that aggression might be discovered as well as controlled, by examining the experiment, with young children exposed to adult hostility towards an object & later rewarded or punished for t heir activities, it was famous that the children tend to indulge in the behavior for which they witnessed the adults to be rewarded for.The same intense emotion is eminent in adults for example while watching a sports program, the audience tend to get hyper active while bread and butter their favorite team like on 11 October 97, the final qualifying football match between England & Italy which ended in a tie conversely the newspaper & the TV channels highlighted the crowd hostility that took place during the match instead of the result, followed by contemplation concerning the issue. Sociology, 1998Not every mind is alike hence the same message is perceived in opposite ways by different minds. While one person may realize that the violence being shown is negative & should be avoided, another might get divine from it. Social norms & conflicts affect individuals drastically the wars around the world & other issues might induce negative learning ability in people hence resulting in aggression.There are many misconceptions regarding aggression, since it is a complex condition & cannot be summed up easily, hence it is vital to consider the social & physiological conditions of each individual to come up with a proper explanation. Violence & aggression are interrelated & maybe used as a means of internal sub control Social Psychology Conflicts & Continuities especially when today our society is divided among different races & religions.Every individual considers him to be the righteous one & reacts strongly when literally or physically challenged. In various cultures, aggression is employed either individually or in group to produce or deliver social change in a society. In order to understand the reasons behind this atrocity, it is important to learn what aggression really is, only then we would truly understand the causes & the various possibilities. From Animosity to AtrocityThe world which we live in today is labeled as a modern world, nevertheless, the i rrationality of the violence & riots in cultures. change surface today one finds the news of children tortured physically & mentally by parents or teachers & questions his mind whether we are living in the 21st century.The human mind is a difficult chapter to study psychologists come up with various explanations regarding the aggressive nature of mankind but fail to answer the new questions that arise as a result of that theory. A normal individual today is faced to so much violent behavior that he initially gets used to it & then ignores it.Nobody can answer what goes on in a murderers mind when he or she kills some one, or targets someone with brutal physical or verbal conduct. Researches by previous psychologists were usually based on a number of false assumptions like the kit and boodle of Freud, Lorenz & Wilson which was later rejected, claimed that aggression was a natural instinct in humans like animals.The fact was also rejected that aggression occurred as a result of biol ogical reasons. However it is accepted that the extreme feeling might evolve due to historical, social or cultural circumstances. Critical Social Psychology An Introduction

Life Resource Center Scavenger Hunt Worksheet Essay

The Life Resource Center (LRC) is a valuable free tool available to University of genus Phoenix students. Taking some time to explore this website to discover some of the many topics, resources, and tools available is a colossal way to find information to enhance health and wellness.Log on to the student website. Click on the Programs tab at the top of the page, and then click on Life Resource Center low Services. Explore the resources available on the site and use them to answer the following questions.1. What atomic number 18 the three ways that students may receive counseling services through the LRC? The three way students may receive are in person, over the phone or online.2. What heading are the Health Tools and Health Challenges be chthonian? The Health Tools and Health Challenges is found under the Thriving heading.3. Where is the task Your Health tool located?The Assess Your Health tool is located in Health Tools under the Thriving heading.4. What are the five categor ies on the Live brawny Page?The five categories on the live healthy page are How Healthy Are You, Lifestyle Change, Physical Fitness, Prevention and Screening, Tips for Healthy Living.5. Where are resources and articles about good nutrition found on the LRC? The resources and articles about good nutrition can be found under Healthy consume under the thriving heading.6. What are three of the health topics that can be found on the LRC? trey

Reading Strategies Essay

light a lineing is an essential skill in human life. People atomic number 18 trained to reveal how to read at very early age and they read with more(prenominal) designings such as narration for pleasure or breeding to earn experience or simply to admit what is happening nearlywhat them. In academic assignting, de nonation is assumed to be the central means for acquisition novel randomness and gaining access to alternative explanations. indication also provides people with the foundation for synthesis and critical evaluation skill.In addition, culture is the primary means for independent fixing, whether the goal is performing part on academic tasks, fixing more rough subject matter, or improving language abilities (Grabe and Stoller, as cited in Celce-Murcia, 2001). However, according to Dr. Kathleen force ( course session Strategies, n. d. ) for students at college, learning is a new experience although they subscribe been rendition for more than 12 geeze rhood at trail or for pleasure. In addition, academic interlingual rendition is non easy therefore, it is extremely operose for academic students to achieve complex goals with come on read strategies.Supporting to this idea, (Hawkins, 1991, cited in Celce-Murcia) also said that Of all the skills that the child must acquire in school, education is the almost complex and difficult. Therefore, English Second linguistic process students are surely unavoidable to face some problems. Firstly, learners may be good at mind separate words or even for each one sentence, merely fail to gain the relationships mingled with the sentences and the meat of the textbook as a whole. Next, they do non comport necessary knowledge about what they read. And the most primal problem is that they lack necessary reading strategies.English Second phrase students need to learn reading strategies beca physical exercise their comprehension breaks down easily. They need different ways to appro ach reading to suspensor facilitate the reading process and provide them with a better sense of what they are reading (Reading strategies for ESL Students, n. d. ). Reading strategies are the most effective means to help them deal with obstacles in reading and become a better reader. Furthermore, with practice, the strategies lead to skills that become automatic and quick over time (McNamara and Danielle, 2009).But for students at the college, reading is non simply to do the task and reading passage is practically longer than it is at high school meanwhile not all of them know the reading strategies and how to use them effectively. So, teaching reading strategies for students becomes necessary. That is the reason wherefore the researcher choose reading strategies for academic students as a topic to do the research with the desire of improving the effect of their reading. CHAPTER II LITERATURE II. 1. Definition of StrategiesBrown (2001) specify strategies as circumstanceize d methods to solve a problem or task, as modes of activity to reach a particular end or intentional designs to control or manipulate certain information. He stated that strategies differentiate within an single and that a person can use a variety of strategies to achieve his or her goal. Oxford (as cited in Oxford, 2003, p. 8) defined strategies as follows The word strategies comes from the ancient Greek word strategia, which means steps or actions passn for the end of winning a war.The warlike meaning of strategia, has fortunately fallen away but the control and directedness system in the version of the word. He believed that whether a schema is helpful or not depends on the specific context in which it is appropriately used. In separate to use a system effectively, learners require to hear three important conditions whether the strategy relates well to the second language task at hand, whether the strategy fits the particular students learning style preferences to one degree or an separate(a), or whether the students employ the strategy and link it with other strategies well.II. 2. Distinction between Strategies and Skills Strategies can be defined as conscious actions that learners take to achieve in demand(p) goals or objectives, while a skill is a strategy that has become automatic. As learners consciously learn and practice specific reading strategies, the strategies move from conscious to unconscious from strategy to skill (Nunan, 2003). Strategic reading is defined as the efficacy of the reader to use a wide variety of reading strategies to compass a solve for reading (Nunan, 2003).Strategic reading means not only knowing what strategy to use, but knowing how to use and integrate a range of strategies (Anderson, 1991). II. 3. Difference Strategic Readers from Poor Readers (Reading Strategies, n. d. ) 1. in front Reading, Strategic Readers Poor Readers ? Build up their own basis knowledge about reading and the ? erupt reading with out thinking about the process of reading or the topic topic. ? Set purposes for reading. ? Do not know why they are reading but merely view the task as ? narrow down methods for reading, according to their purposes.ground to cover. 2. During Reading, Strategic Readers Poor Readers ? Give their complete attention to the reading task. ? Do not eliminate disturbions from reading. ? Check their own experienceing constantly. ? Do not know whether they understand. ? Monitor their reading comprehension and do it so often that it ? Do not recognize when comprehension has broken down. becomes automatic. ? rarely use fix-up strategies to improve comprehension. ? Stop to use a fix-up strategy when they do not understand. ? Skip or ignore meanings of unfamiliar but crucial words. ? Use semantic, syntactic, and graphophonic cues to construct ? Do not integrate text with prior knowledge. meanings of unfamiliar words. ? Read without reflecting on meaning or text organization ? Syn thesize during reading. ? ask questions. ? Talk to themselves during reading. 3. After Reading, Strategic Readers Poor Readers ? Decide if they have achieved their goals for reading. ? Do not know what they have read. ? Evaluate their understanding of what was read. ? Do not follow reading with comprehension self-check. ? Summarize the major ideas.? swear exclusively on the references words. ? Seek additional information from outside sources. ? Do not go beyond a surface examination of the text. ? Distinguish between relevant and irrelevant ideas. ? deem no conscious strategies to help them remember. ? Paraphrase the text what they have learned. ? Reflect on and personalize the text. ? critically examine the text. ? commingle new understandings and prior knowledge. ? Use study strategies to retain new knowledge. II. 4. Some Methods for article of belief Reading Strategies Reading Strategies (n.d. ) separates reading lesson into three sets and has some ideas about activities for each stage.II. 4. 1. Before Reading activities should mark methods of merging reader, text, and content enabling students to set appropriate reading purposes, recall associate prior knowledge, watch and predict what the text will be about, and select reading methods to suit their purposes and the text. Included in these considerations may be readers decisions to expand their background knowledge through related discussion, exploration of key concepts, or related reading. II. 4. 2.During Reading activities should enable students to monitor their comprehension through a variety of strategies and experience and acquire several(a) fix-up strategies to improve their understanding where necessary. II. 4. 3. After Reading activities should teach students to review their understanding of text, relate new ideas to their background knowledge, revisit the text to crystalize and extend meanings, make responsible interpretations and criticisms of ideas from the te xt, revise their thinking, apply the information to other texts and disciplines, and remember crucial learning for future application.II. 5. Some Techniques for Teaching Reading Strategies Reading Strategies (n. d. ) also gives some techniques to teach reading strategies II. 5. 1. Some Techniques for Teaching Before-Reading Strategies Before reading, strategic readers * Preview the text by looking at the title, the pictures, and the print in order to evoke relevant thoughts and memories. * Build background by activation appropriate prior knowledge through self questioning about what they already know about the topic (or story), the vocabulary, and the form in which the topic (or story) is presented.* Set purposes for reading by asking questions about what they want to learn during the reading process. II. 5. 2. Some Techniques for Teaching During-Reading Strategies During reading, strategic readers * Check understanding of the text by paraphrasing the authors words. * Monitor compr ehension and use fix-up strategies use the cueing systems to figure out unknown words and imaging, imagining, inferencing, and predicting. * Integrate new concepts with existing knowledge continually revise purpose for reading. II. 5. 3. Some Techniques for Teaching After-Reading Strategies.After reading, strategic readers * Summarize what they have read by retelling the plot of the story or the main idea of the text. * submit and evaluate the ideas contained in the text. * Make applications of the ideas in the text to unique situations, extending the ideas to broader perspectives. * Use study strategies for note taking, locating, and computer memory to improve content area learning. II. 6. Kinds of Strategy Before students begin their next reading assignment, identify their purpose for reading. According to the readers different purposes, he or she will choose the appropriate reading style.Therefore, there are a variety of strategies. II. 6. 1. Study Reading The Study Reading i s used when the readers stand for to read difficult square at a high level of comprehension. This reading style says that because of the literal at a high level of comprehension the readers should read the material more than once and sometimes reading the material aloud also improves their comprehension. (Becoming a Flexible Reader, n. d. ) II. 6. 2. Skimming When the readers purpose is to quickly obtain a general idea about the reading material, he or she is suggested to use skimming style.This strategy is extremely useful if the readers want to read a large amount of material in a short amount of time by two ways identify the main ideas and ignore the details. (Becoming a Flexible Reader, n. d. ) II. 6. 3. Scanning Contrastively, the scanning style is used when their purpose is to quickly square off a specific piece of information within reading material. To scan, the readers mostly focus on a list of names, words, numbers, short statements, and sometimes even in a paragraph. (Becoming a Flexible Reader, n. d. ) II. 6. 4. SQRW.According to A Strategies for Reading Textbooks (n. d. ), it divides strategies into four-steps, called SQRW. Each letter stands for one step in the strategy. Using SQRW will help readers to understand what they read and to prepare a written record of what they learned. The written record will be important when readers have to participate in a class discussion and again when they study for a test. Read to learn what to do for each step in SQRW. ( Survey This strategy brings to mind what the readers already know about the topic of a chapter and prepares them for learning more.The readers do survey by reading the title, introduction, headings, and the summary or conclusion or they will examine all visuals such as pictures, tables, maps, and/or graphs and read the caption. By survey, the readers quickly learn what the chapter is about. ( Question Questions give the readers a purpose for reading and help them stay centre on the readi ng assignment. To form questions, the readers base on a heading and use the words who, what, when, where, why, or how. When a heading contains more than one idea, form a question for each idea.Do not form questions for the Introduction, Summary, or Conclusion. ( Read Read the information that follows each heading to find the answer to each question readers formed. They may change a question or turn it into several questions to be answered. Readers need to stay focused and flexible so they can gather as much information as they need to answer each question. ( Write Write each question and its answer in your notebook. read each of your written answers to be sure each answer is legible and contains all the important information needed to answer the question.CHAPTER III APPLICATION III. 1. For Students Here are some suggestions for students to apply before, during and after-reading in order to become strategic readers. There are two things that students need to prepare before they read . First of all, it is the reading environment. Students had better to choose a quiet place which is far away from making noise. They would be distract by it and cannot concentrate well on what they read. Moreover, a place gives them an attitude to be ready to read. anyway the place, readers also pay attention to have small things as pen or paper in hand.These things help them take note immediately what they read on the text when the ideas come out in the mind before they quickly disappear. Before reading, depressionly it is necessary for English Second Language students to set a goal for reading. This activity will keep them focus on what they read and prevent them from travel around the text. Secondly, they should activate prior knowledge. It means that students brainstorm what they already know about the topic. Combination between prior knowledge and new text help them understand more about the topic. Last but not least, according to their purposes, they choose suitable methods for reading.Appropriate strategies help them read and achieve their goals quickly. While reading is the stage which students apply all their known strategies to read quickly but effectively. For example, strategic readers do not read the text from the beginning to the end instead they skim it quickly to have an overview or to get main ideas about what they are going to read.It means that those students would read the introduction or each first line of each paragraph before going to read the whole passage. Next, when students read in detail, they should accentuate the information which they feel interested in and take notes orhighlight for easy to review important points later.In addition, it is important for students to remember to use what their background knowledge and their brainstorming about the text in before reading and see whether the old information fits the text, whether their prediction is correct or need changing. Moreover, if they have any difficulties with reading t he text, slow down their reading speed and reread the information with more care. In case, it is too difficult to understand, highlight it for going back later, then skip it and move forward.Finally, college students are often required to read a lot with difficult vocabulary, so they should break down the assignment into many small sections, for example, ten pages for each reading times and manage to finish reading these sections instead of the whole. This strategy gives students more concentrated on what they read and prevents them from getting frustrated and disappointed. It is not simply to finish the reading task, learners should go beyond. And after reading is a stage for them to do so. First of all, students need to draw a conclusion.They turn back and think about what predictions they made before and during reading by reviewing the text. Also, they had better look back to consider how the information read related to their background knowledge and decide whether they achieve t heir goal. Secondly, students should take notes what they have read by writing a summary. This summary contains the main ideas, the important information or simply just a list of ideas getting from the reading. This activity is very helpful for the readers to maintain new knowledge for later use. Lastly, this stage also gives students a chance to discuss what they do not understand about the text.Students will mark anything that makes them confused and bring it to class and talk with their friends in order to clarify it. III. 2. For the Reading Teachers It takes a long time for students to become strategic readers and reading teachers play an important situation in helping their students read quickly but effectively. Therefore, teachers are suggested to take these considerations.First of all, teachers themselves need to have a full awareness of great benefits which strategies could bring to their students, then the introduction of strategies, their practice, and their uses should b e part ofevery reading lesson because a strategy can be only applied well when teachers frequently explain, gravel it carefully, then give them enough opportunities to practice.However, for any approach to strategy development, teachers should remember to introduce only a few strategies at a time until students feel confident to use the strategies. And in each reading lesson, separate application of each strategy does not give a lot of help, so teachers should come on students to combine some strategies together to get the best results. Moreover, teachers should be well-prepared the lesson beforehand.The aim of this preparation is to figure out which strategies are used in the lesson, then the teachers will carefully prepare suitable activities for each stage of a reading lesson. For example, in before-reading stage, teachers give activities such as True/ False Prediction, Brainstorming to help students have some general ideas about what they are going to read. For while-reading s tage, teachers use Answer the Questions, Choose the important Ideas to check their comprehension. For after-reading stage, the activities could be Summary, Discussion or Retelling what they have read.Additionally, when reading process takes place, reading teachers monitor the students expertness and independent application of the strategies. If there are many students feeling unsure about using the strategies, teachers look into their work, reintroduce and give them more practice. Finally after every reading times, teachers ask students to record their ability in applying strategies to assess their own growth. CHAPTER IV CONCLUSION During teaching process, most of reading teachers give more time and emphasis on testing reading comprehension than teaching readers how to comprehend.Therefore, this small research has been through to offer an overview of different strategies to reading and application for practice. All of strategies can be brought into play in an economic way in the teaching and acquiring reading skill. Simultaneously, it helps both teachers and students recognize the significant advantages of mastering reading strategies. With careful discussion about most of strategies used in three main reading stages before, during and after reading, hopefully this research is a source of reference for reading teachers and students.REFERENCESA Strategies for Reading Textbooks, (n. d. ). Retrieved December 3rd, 2010 from http//www. how-to-study. com/study-skills/en/studying/40/a-strategy-for-reading-textbooks/ Anderson, N. J. (1991). Individual Differences in Strategy Use in Second Language Reading and Testing. Modern Language Journal, 75 460-472. Becoming a Flexible Reader, (n. d. ). Retrieved December 3rd, 2010 from http//www. how-to-study. com/study-skills/en/studying/33/becoming-a-flexible-reader/ Brown, H. D. (2001). Teaching by principles- An interactive approach to language pedagogy. (2nd ed. ).NY Longman, pp 384-387. Dr. Kathleen King, (n. d. ). Read ing Strategies, Lecture from University. Retrieved December 14th, 2010 from http//www. isu. edu/kingkath/readstrt. html Grabe, W. , Stoller, F. L. (2001). Reading for Academic Purpose Guidelines for the ESL/ EFL Teacher, In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed. ), Teaching English as a Second or unknown Language. (3rd ed). Boston Heinle, pp. 187-204. Hawkins, B. , (2001). Teaching Children to Read in a Second Language. In Celce-Murcia, M. (Ed. ), Teaching English as a Second or Foreign Language. (2rd ed). Boston Heinle.McNamara, Danielle S. (2009). The importance of teaching reading strategies, The Perspectives on Language and Literacy. Retrieved December 14th, 2010 from http//findarticles. com/p/articles/mi_7694/is_200904/ai_n32423755 Nunan, D. (Ed. ) (2003). Practical English Language Teaching. Singapore McGraw Hill. Oxford, R. L. (2003). Language Learning Styles and Strategies. Retrieved February 28, 2008, from web. ntpu. edu. tw/language/ store/read2. pdf Reading Strategies, (n. d. ). Retrieve d December 10th, 2010 from http//98. 130. 215. 11/articles/6%20Strategic%20Reading. pdf.

Body Ritual among the Nacirema Essay

generalisationIn this paper I discuss what point Horace Miner was experimenting to make is his paper title Body Ritual among the Nacirema. Horaces paper is about the States scarce in the perspective that America is a tribe of third world country or such. I go through the singular topics, which well-nigh(prenominal)ly make fun of Ameri outhouses vanity, and I describe what he is really talking about. I try to summaries Horaces paper and put it in American terms.Nacirema The American Tribe present(predicate) in America we view ourselves as one of the most, if not the most, advanced societies in the world. Most of us feel that we ar just the best, but if you really look at a lot of the aspects of our cabaret in the eyes that Horace Miner provides in his paper Body Ritual among the Nacirema you may begin to telephone otherwise. In Horaces paper he shows the reader how the United States of America could be viewed from the perspective of a more advance, or more developed country. You could think of it as what aliens might view us. I hypothesis you could even say a that an underdeveloped country would view us in this way too, but by the tone it take toms that its meant to be a view of America by several(prenominal)one that views America how Americans see other cultures such as an African tribe or third world country or cultures of that sort. The main topics he covers are on the vanity of Americans, but he also covers doctors, dentist, therapists, hospitals, and a few others things.Horace starts out by discussing the Nacirema shrine. The shrine is where the Nacirema worship themselves. This is obviously a bathroom. Since this is poking fun at Americans vanity, wherever people focus their time on cleaning and grooming and pampering themselves would be their shrine. How many shrines you have, and how straightlaced your shrine is, is determined by how much money you have. Every Nacireman at least has one though. The Naciremans think the body is ugly and dis ease and dies if they dont take care of it so performing these ceremonies are important and dire to survival and acceptance.Now two transgresss of the shrine that are most important are this magnetize box orchest that is built into the wall, and the font that is under this charm box/chest. We have it away these things as a practice of medicine cabinet and the sink that is underneath. Our water supposedly comes from some misrepresentational water temple where a priest makes it pure with ceremonies, which as we know our water is provided by our local water company who cleanse and treats it to make it full of chemical or pure by American standards.Now in this charm box I mentioned before are tons of charms and potions and things, which Nacirema study they cant live without, and they have so many that they dont even know what all of them are for anymore. Well since the charm box is a medicine cabinet then we can safely assume that these charms are medicines, specifically prescript ion medicine. We know they are prescription medicines because they pass water them from the medicine men. Medicine men are just simply doctors. We must pay our doctors to get medicine and their services. In the paper he describes this as giving the medicine men gifts. In real life I hear all the time that you cannot read doctors writing especially on prescriptions and its comical that Horace writes that they write in a secret language that only the pharmacist can read, well, the herbalist as he puts it.As I said before he also writes about dentist and therapist, or what he calls the holy-mouth-men and the listeners. Since oral examination hygiene is something that is crucial in the Nacirema the holy-mouth-men are very important. Their ceremony described sound like a scene from the movie Saw but in all reality it is nothing more than get a cavity filled. When he talks about the therepist he talks about how they expel the demons from your encephalon but in reality they help get ri d of your bad thoughts. The way he puts it though it makes it seem like they just listen and thats it, that they serve no real purpose.Horace then goes on to describe several other things that ill describe briefly. He calls hospital, Latipso, and he talks about how weirdo it is that the Nacireman even their people there because how horrible the care is. He makes some decent points but for the most part is just more crazy tribal exaggeration. He writes again how the Nacirema just basically dislike theirbodies, and if their fat then they dont eat and eat a bunch if they are skinny. He talks about boobs how they are either too big or too small and how girls get implants. He also says that some girls with implants show them off to make a good living, a.k.a strippers. Then the stand topic he talks about is sex and how were not supposed to talk about it and we try to prevent it but conception is still high (I mean thats totally true.weve all seen young mom).It is hard to understand ho w they have managed to exist so long under the burdens which they have imposed upon themselves. hardly even such exotic customs as these take on real meaning when they are viewed with the insight provided by Malinowski when he wrote Looking from far and above, from our high places of safety in the developed civilization, it is voiced to see all the crudity and irrelevance of magic. But without its power and guidance early man could not have mastered his practical difficulties as he has done, nor could man have advanced to the higher stages of civilization.(Miner) This part of the paper is what the whole paper is making fun of. This piece of satire is how americans view other cultures. We a great deal say the same, that it a surprise that theyve made it this far. I think America has made a miniature too complex in some aspect and parts of our lifes are burdens. Our lives here in America are not perfect and our customs defenatly arent either, so to judge other culture that is at least mildly surviving is wrong. We cannot sit back and judge cultures that use magic because as the quote says, it is from these cultures that Americans came from.ReferencesMiner, H. (1956, June). Body Ritual among the Nacirema Retrieved from https//www.msu.edu/jdowell/miner.htmlanchor876436